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收稿日期:2022-12-13
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分析酒精相关犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪行为特征,探索犯罪行为特征与刑事责任能力的关系。
收集酒精相关犯罪嫌疑人的基本信息、酒精使用信息、作案前后精神症状、犯罪学行为特征及鉴定意见。
慢性酒精中毒组的饮酒史25.0 (13.3~30.0)年显著长于急性酒精中毒组1.2 (0~14.3)年。慢性酒精中毒组85.0%每日饮酒次数不少于1次,52.5%有晨饮或睡前饮酒习惯,92.5%以独饮为主。酒精中毒暴力性犯罪占比57.6%。慢性酒精中毒者作案时精神状态52.5%存在谵妄,急性酒精中毒者作案时精神状态84.6%存在朦胧状态。慢性酒精中毒组42.5%为病理性动机作案,急性酒精中毒组69.2%为现实动机作案。急性酒精中毒组96.2%被评定为完全刑事责任能力,慢性酒精中毒组50.0%被评定为完全刑事责任能力。
与急性酒精中毒犯罪嫌疑人相比,慢性酒精中毒者的饮酒史长,饮酒频率高、有明显的晨饮或睡前饮酒习惯。酒精中毒犯罪案件性质多为暴力性犯罪。与慢性酒精中毒组相比,急性酒精中毒组的作案动机具高度选择性,多被评为完全刑事责任能力。
To analyze the criminal behavior characteristics of alcohol-related crime offenders and explore the relationship between criminal behavior characteristics and criminal responsibility capacity.
Basic information, alcohol use information, psychiatric symptoms before and after the crime, criminological behavioral characteristics and conclusion of judicial evaluation were collected.
The drinking history of the chronic alcoholism group 25.0 (13.3~30.0) years was significantly longer than that of the acute alcoholism group 1.2 (0~14.3) years. In the chronic alcoholism group, 85.0% drank alcohol at least once a day, 52.5% had morning or bedtime drinking habits, and 92.5% drank mainly alone. Violent crimes accounted for 57.6%. Delirium existed in 52.5% of the chronic alcoholics' mental state at the time of the crime, and 84.6% of the acute alcoholics' mental state was hazy. In the chronic alcoholism group, 42.5% committed the crime with pathological motive, and in the acute alcoholism group, 69.2% committed the crime with realistic motive. Acute alcoholism group 96.2% were assessed as complete criminal responsibility capacity, and chronic alcoholism group 50.0% were assessed as complete criminal responsibility capacity.
Compared with acute alcoholism offenders, chronic alcoholics had a longer drinking duration, more frequency drinking, and obvious morning drinking or bedtime drinking habits. The nature of alcoholism crime cases was mostly violent. Compared with the chronic alcoholism group, the acute alcoholism group had highly selective motives for committing crimes and were mostly rated as complete criminally responsibility.
酒精的过度饮用与世界多个国家地区社交文化、日常饮食密切相关[
收集2010年1月至2022年9月期间,中山大学法医鉴定中心法医精神病鉴定室的酒精相关案例共72例。案例纳入标准:①犯罪嫌疑人年龄在18岁以上;②单纯酒精滥用;③涉及刑事犯罪的案件。排除标准:①有其他精神活性物质摄入史;②有脑外伤及所致精神障碍史;③有癫痫及脑器质性病变;④与其他精神障碍共病。本研究已通过医学伦理申请(中山医医伦[2023]第002号)。
根据鉴定意见,将犯罪嫌疑人作案时的醉酒状态分为三类:急性酒精中毒、慢性酒精中毒、慢性酒精中毒合并急性酒精中毒。急性酒精中毒共26例,包括生理性醉酒、复杂性醉酒;慢性酒精中毒共40例;慢性酒精中毒合并急性酒精中毒案例6例。因慢性酒精中毒合并急性酒精中毒案例少而独特,故不纳入数据分析,只作单独讨论。
采用自制的《酒精相关犯罪案例数据登记表》,收集犯罪嫌疑人的人口学资料、既往史、精神症状、犯罪学行为特征及鉴定意见。鉴定意见由两名副高以上鉴定人根据CCMD-3标准,进行评定并作出最终结果。
使用SPSS 28.0软件对所收集的社会人口学特征等信息进行描述统计和数据分析。年龄、饮酒史、日饮酒量资料采用独立样本t检验。呈正态分布,用均值±标准差(ˉX± S)表示;呈偏态分布,用中位数和四分位数描述,即M (P 25~ P75)。案件类型、精神症状、犯罪行为特征的分类资料用χ2检验进行数据统计分析。多分类的χ2差异有检验统计学时,采用Bonferroni 进行多重检验。有1/5以上的格子的理论频数小于5,用Fisher’s精确检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
急性和慢性酒精中毒的66例案例,委托方均为公安部门。慢性酒精中毒组重新鉴定的案例11例(27.5%)比例高于急性酒精中毒5例(19.2%),但两组比较的差异无统计学意义。
在所有案例中,汉族为60例(90.9%),少数民族为6例(9.1%)。男性64例(97.0%),女性2例(3.0%)。文化程度以小学、初中占多数,其中文盲及小学38例(57.6%),初中20例(30.3%),高中以上文化程度为8例(12.1%)。在两组的人口学特征比较中,慢性酒精中毒组的平均年龄(45.4±9.5)岁显著大于急性酒精中毒组(36.7±10.8)岁(P=0.001)。
案发前一周的社会功能水平,包含生活自理能力、工作学习能力、婚育情况(
Items | State | AA(n=26) | CA(n=40) | χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-care ability | Damaged | 1(3.8) | 7(17.5) | - | 0.098 |
Normal | 25(96.2) | 33(82.5) | |||
Work ability | Damaged | 4(15.4) | 26(65.0) | 15.645 | <0.001 |
Normal | 22(84.6) | 14(35.0) | |||
Marital status | Married | 9(34.6) | 20(50.0) | 1.514 | 0.219 |
Single | 17(65.4) | 20(50.0) | |||
Fertility status | Fertile | 11(42.3) | 29(72.5) | 6.016 | 0.014 |
Infertile | 15(57.7) | 11(27.5) |
AC: acute alcoholism; CA: chronic alcoholism.
慢性酒精中毒组的平均饮酒史25.0 (13.3~30.0)年,显著长于急性酒精中毒组1.2 (0~14.3)年的平均饮酒史(P<0.001)。慢性酒精中毒组的日饮酒量500.0 (262.5~575.0) mL,显著多于急性酒精中毒125.0 (0~500.0) mL(P=0.007)。饮酒种类包括白酒、其他(啤酒、白啤混饮、红酒等)。既往饮酒种类为白酒(38例)中,高度白酒(41°~68°)有21例(55.3%),低度白酒(25°~40°)有10例(26.3%),7例(18.4%)高度、低度酒混合饮用。在饮酒习惯中,晨饮特指犯罪嫌疑人早起后第一件事为饮酒的习惯。饮酒方式指既往更多是单独饮酒,或与其他人一起饮酒。慢性酒精中毒组饮酒频率明显高于对照组(P<0.001),多伴有晨饮或睡前的饮酒习惯(P=0.002),且喜欢独自饮酒(P<0.001;
Items | State | AA(n=26) | CA(n=40) | t/χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration /years | 1.2 (0~14.3) | 25.0 (13.3~30.0) | -6.536 | <0.001 | |
Daily drinking/mL | 125.0 (0~500.0) | 500.0 (262.5~575.0) | -2.777 | 0.007 | |
Types | White wine | 12(46.2) | 26(65.0) | 2.291 | 0.130 |
Others | 14(53.8) | 14(35.0) | |||
Frequency | ≥1 time/day | 7(26.9)1) | 34(85.0) | 29.121 | <0.001 |
2~6 times/week | 6(23.1) | 6(15.0) | |||
≤1 time/month | 13(50.0)1) | 0(0.0) | |||
Morning or bedtime drinking habits | Yes | 4(15.4) | 21(52.5) | 9.225 | 0.002 |
No | 22(84.6) | 19(47.5) | |||
Drinking alone | Yes | 13(50.0) | 37(92.5) | 15.498 | <0.001 |
No | 13(50.0) | 3(7.5) |
AC: acute alcoholism; CA: chronic alcoholism. Bonferroni test after Chi-Squared test, 1)Compared with CA, P<0.05.
根据犯罪行为的性质,分为暴力犯罪、破坏犯罪和其他(包括财产犯罪等)[
急性酒精中毒、慢性酒精中毒的意识障碍、定向障碍比较,均具有显著性差异(P<0.001)。急性酒精中毒犯罪嫌疑人的意识障碍84.6%为朦胧状态,慢性酒精中毒52.5%为谵妄状态。急性酒精中毒92.3%无定向障碍,慢性酒精中毒52.5%有定向障碍。急性酒精中毒组的案后遗忘多于慢性酒精中毒组(P=0.011)。慢性酒精中毒的幻觉或错觉、妄想症状均显著多于急性酒精中毒,妄想内容绝大多数以被害妄想为主。急性酒精中毒犯罪嫌疑人的易激惹、冲动行为及抑郁少语状态,均显著多于慢性酒精中毒。急性酒精中毒组自知力存在显著多于慢性酒精中毒(P<0.001;
Items | State | AA(n=26) | CA(n=40) | χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consciousness disturbances | Delirium | 2(7.7) 1) | 21(52.5) | 46.806 | <0.001 |
Haziness | 22(84.6) 1) | 1(2.5) | |||
Normal | 2(7.7) 1) | 18(45.0) | |||
Disorientation | Yes | 2(7.7) | 21(52.5) | 13.934 | <0.001 |
No | 24(92.3) | 19(47.5) | |||
Self-reported case forgetting | Yes | 13(50.0) | 8(20.0) | 6.537 | 0.011 |
No | 13(50.0) | 32(80.0) | |||
Hallucinations | Yes | 2(7.7) | 19(47.5) | 11.510 | 0.001 |
No | 24(92.3) | 21(52.5) | |||
Delusions | Yes | 1(3.8) | 15(37.5) | 9.718 | 0.002 |
No | 25(96.2) | 25(62.5) | |||
Irritable and impulsive behavior | Severe | 21(80.8) 1) | 21(52.5) | 10.598 | 0.005 |
Mild | 5(19.2) | 6(15.0) | |||
None | 0(0.0) 1) | 13(32.5) | |||
Depression, less talkative | Yes | 5(19.2) | 1(2.5) | - | 0.031 |
No | 21(80.8) | 39(97.5) | |||
Insight | None/incomplete | 1(3.8) | 20(50.0) | 15.654 | <0.001 |
Completely | 25(96.2) | 20(50.0) |
AC: acute alcoholism; CA: chronic alcoholism. Bonferroni test after Chi-Squared test, 1)Compared with CA, P<0.05.
本研究所有的犯罪嫌疑人均为自愿饮酒,无他人胁迫或其他原因饮酒。急性酒精中毒组有69.2%的现实动机作案,而慢性酒精中毒组为37.5%;相对而言,病理性动机作案,急性酒精中毒组仅1%,而慢性酒精中毒组占42.5%。两组作案动机的差异有显著性差异(P=0.002)。两两比较显示,两组在病理动机和现实动机差异具有统计学意义。在对作案工具的选择上,急性酒精中毒57.7%是现场获取作案工具,而慢性酒精中毒组47.5%是提前准备的作案工具。在作案对象的选择上,急性酒精中毒65.4%有选择性,慢性酒精中毒72.5%有选择性。在作案时间、作案地点的选择上,两组多无选择性。急性酒精中毒作案后无逃跑行为的占46.2%,慢性酒精中毒无逃跑行为占66.7%。急性酒精中毒检查时对事实无掩盖的占57.7%,慢性酒精中毒对事实无掩盖的占70.0%(
Items | State | AA(n=26) | CA(n=40) | χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inducement | None | 6(23.1) | 18(45.0) | 3.277 | 0.194 |
Dubious | 8(30.8) | 9(22.5) | |||
Definite | 12(46.2) | 13(32.5) | |||
Crime motive | Pathological | 1(3.8) 1) | 17(42.5) | 12.138 | 0.002 |
Unmotivated/Mixed | 7(26.9) | 8(20.0) | |||
Realistic | 18(69.2) 1) | 15(37.5) | |||
Tool | Advance preparation | 6(23.1) | 19(47.5) | 4.843 | 0.089 |
On-site acquisition | 15(57.7) | 13(32.5) | |||
Unarmed | 5(19.2) | 8(20.0) | |||
Target | Non-selective | 9(34.6) | 11(27.5) | 0.378 | 0.539 |
Selective | 17(65.4) | 29(72.5) | |||
Time | Non-selective | 24(92.3) | 35(87.5) | - | 0.695 |
Selective | 2(7.7) | 5(12.5) | |||
Location | Non-selective | 20(76.9) | 33(82.5) | 0.310 | 0.578 |
Selective | 6(23.1) | 7(17.5) | |||
Post-crime escape behavior | No | 14(46.2) | 27(66.7) | 1.601 | 0.449 |
Dubious | 6(30.8) | 5(12.8) | |||
Yes | 6(23.1) | 8(20.5) | |||
Cover-up of facts during inspection | No | 15(57.7) | 28(70.0) | 1.051 | 0.305 |
Yes | 11(42.3) | 12(30.0) |
AC: acute alcoholism; CA: chronic alcoholism. Bonferroni test after Chi-Squared test, 1)Compared with CA, P<0.05.
急性酒精中毒的辨认能力73.1%无受损,慢性酒精中毒组37.5%辨认能力无受损;急性酒精中毒的辨认能力3.8%重度受损,慢性酒精中毒组52.5%辨认能力重度受损;两组辨认能力的差异具有统计学差异(P<0.001)。急性酒精中毒组的控制能力11.5%重度受损,慢性酒精中毒组的控制能力47.5%重度受损;急性酒精中毒组的控制能力76.9%轻度受损,慢性酒精中毒组的控制能力30.0%轻度受损;两组控制能力的差异具有统计学差异(P=0.001)。急性酒精中毒的刑事责任能力评定,生理性醉酒均评定为完全刑事责任能力,1例复杂性醉酒为限制刑事责任能力。急性酒精中毒96.2%被评定为完全刑事责任能力,慢性酒精中毒3.8%为完全刑事责任能力,急性酒精中毒组被评定为完全刑事责任能力显著高于慢性酒精中毒组(P<0.001;
Items | State | AA(n=26) | CA(n=40) | χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capacity of appreciation | Severely damaged | 1(3.8) 1) | 21(52.5) | 16.840 | <0.001 |
Slightly damaged | 6(23.1) | 4(10.0) | |||
Undamaged | 19(73.1) 1) | 15(37.5) | |||
Capacity of control | Severely damaged | 3(11.5) 1) | 19(47.5) | 14.311 | 0.001 |
Slightly damaged | 20(76.9) 1) | 12(30.0) | |||
Undamaged | 3(11.5) | 9(22.5) | |||
Criminal responsibility capacity | Incapacity; Restricted | 1(3.8) | 22(55.0) | 18.161 | <0.001 |
Completely | 25(96.2) | 18(45.0) |
AC: acute alcoholism; CA: chronic alcoholism. Bonferroni test after Chi-Squared test, 1)Compared with CA, P<0.05.
本研究显示,酒精相关犯罪案例的犯罪嫌疑人以男性青壮年为主,小学、初中文化占比高[
本研究表明酒精与暴力行为存在高度关联性。已有多数研究[
目前酒精中毒的诊断标准,是以酒后的临床症状作为主要依据[
刑事责任能力的评定要兼顾医学要件和法学要件[
本研究还发现6例慢性酒精中毒合并急性酒精中毒的案例,占比6.5%。由于此类案件本身的复杂性,不能单纯地按照慢性酒精中毒或急性酒精中毒直接评定刑事责任能力,应结合犯罪嫌疑人案发前的精神状态、案发时的精神症状、犯罪行为特征及作案后的表现,综合分析作案时当事人主要受精神病性症状的支配,还是受醉酒的影响。6例慢性酒精中毒合并急性酒精中毒的案例中,有4例作案有现实因素影响,作案时辨认能力完整,控制能力有不同程度受损,均为自愿饮酒,属于“自我放纵行为,既往曾出现过饮酒后精神异常和冲动伤人行为”,被评定为完全刑事责任能力;1例是在一次大量饮酒后受严重精神症状影响杀亲,作案时辨认能力丧失,但出于“家人多次劝说让其戒酒,仍继续饮酒”原因,被评定为完全刑事责任能力;1例是长期受慢性酒精中毒影响,存在言语性幻听、被害妄想等精神症状,案发前因现实生活困境在一次大量饮酒后无故打伤他人,案后对事发情况完全无法回忆,作案时的实质性辨认能力与控制能力受损,被评定为限制刑事责任能力。
在鉴定酒精中毒相关案例时,我们应对酒精使用史进行详细询问,包括饮酒时间、频率、酒精种类、日常饮酒量、饮酒方式及饮酒习惯,掌握犯罪嫌疑人既往病史及疾病发生发展规律,尤其关注是否有脑器质性疾病或影响酒精代谢的肝脏疾病等,翔实记录犯罪嫌疑人末次饮酒量及饮酒时间,关注犯罪嫌疑人作案时的精神状况及犯罪行为特征,明确作案是受精神症状的支配,还是受酒精的影响,判定犯罪嫌疑人作案时是否处于酒精中毒状态,全面了解情况,综合作出评定,才能对酒精中毒相关案件的刑事责任能力进行客观评定。
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